Following the Footsteps of the Oldest Cossack Centre in Zaporizhzhia, founded by Prince Dmytro Vyshnevetskyi
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18523/kmhj270983.2023-10.132-144Keywords:
Zaporozhian Sich, castle, fortress, Dmytro Vyshnevetskyi, Cossacks, ZaporozhiansAbstract
The emergence of the Cossack community on the southern border was conditioned by its population growth and the necessity to protect Ukrainian lands from Tatar expansion. The long stay of the Cossacks far from the volosts (rural municipalities) raise the need for uniting into cohesive troops led by an experienced ataman. They built fortified towns and small settlements to defend against Horde attacks and securely store their booty. Russian officials wanted to use the Cossack potential and repeatedly offered the ruler of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to build a powerful fortress on the border with the Crimean Khanate in the 20s and 40s of the ХVІ c. However, due to a shortage of resources, Prince Dmytro Vyshnevetskyi was only able to realize this idea later. There are different versions regarding the castle’s location, purpose, and architectural style. However, the idea of identifying Vyshnevetskyi “town” with the so-called “Khortytska Sich” seems doubtful. No direct evidence of the Sich’s functioning in the 50s of the XVI c. has been found in written sources. Only the presence of a “fortress” or “castle” in Zaporizhzhia is recorded. At the same time, a representative of an aristocratic family made great efforts to defend Ukrainian lands, thus contributing to the consolidation of the Cossack community. This marks the outstanding role of Prince-knight Dmytro Vyshnevetskyi in national history. The castle he built on the Kichkaskii cape of the Dnipro River, also documented in the sources as Mala Khortytsia, served as a prototype for fortifications of the Zaporozhian community. This community, established on the island of Tomakivka in the ХVІ с., came to be known as the Zaporozhian Sich.
References
Akty, otnosiashchiesia k istorii Yuzhnoi i Zapadnoi Rossii, sobrannye i izdannye Arkheograficheskoi komissiei [The Acts dedicated to the history of Southern and Western Russia, gathered and published by the Archgeographic commission], 2. Saint Petersburg: Tip. Eduarda Pratsa, 1865.
Arkhiv Yugo-Zapadnoi Rossii, izdavaemyi Vremennoiu komissieiu dlia razbora drevnikh aktov, uchrezhdennoi pri Kievskom, Podolskom i Volynskom general-gubernatore [The Archive of Southern and Western Russia, published by the Temporary commission for analysis of ancient acts, which was established by Kyiv, Podil, and Volyn generalgovernor], 3, 1. Kiev: Tip. Ye. Fedorova, 1863.
Arkhiv Yugo-Zapadnoi Rossii, izdavaemyi Vremennoiu komissieiu dlia razbora drevnikh aktov, uchrezhdennoi pri Kievskom, Podolskom i Volynskom general-gubernatore [The Archive of Southern and Western Russia, published by the Temporary commission for analysis of ancient acts, which was established by Kyiv, Podil, and Volyn generalgovernor], 7, 1. Kiev: Tip. G.T. Korchak-Novitskogo, 1886.
Bagalei, Dmitrii. Ocherki iz istorii kolonizatsii i byta stepnoi okrainy Moskovskogo gosudarstva [Essays on the history of colonisation and life on the steppe border of the Moscow state]. Moscow, 1887.
Bantysh-Kamenskii, Dmitrii. Istoriia Maloi Rossii ot vodvoreniia slavian v sei strane do unichtozheniia getmanstva [The history of Little Russia from the settlement of the Slavs in this country till the destruction of the Hetmanate]. Kyiv: Chas, 1993.
Dokumenty ukrayinskoho kozatstva XVI – pershoi polovyny XVII st.: universaly, lystuvannia, uhody, uporiad. Viktor Brekhunenko ta in. [Documents of the Ukrainian Cossacks of the XVI – first half of the XVII c.: universals, correspondence, agreements, ed. Viktor Brekhunenko and others]. Kyiv, 2016.
Dubiecki, Marian. Kudak twierdza kresowa i jej okolice [Kudak borderland fortress and its neighborhood]. Warszawa: Nakladem Gebethnera i Wolffa, 1879.
Dzherela do istorii Ukrainy-Rusi / zibrav i vydav I. Krypiakevych [Sources to the history of Ukraine-Rus /collected and published by I. Krypiakevych], 8. Lviv, 1908.
Erikh Liasota zi Stebleva. “Shchodennyk“ [“Diary”]. Zhovten 10 (1984): 97–110.
Fomenko, Viktor. “Kichkaska pereprava i horodok na Malii Khortytsi” [“Kichkas crossing and town on Mala Khortytsia”]. In Istorychni dzherela ta yikh vykorystannia, 2, 110–122. Kyiv, 1966.
Herby rycerstwa polskiego przez Bartosza Paprockiego zebrane i wydane roku 1584 / wydanie Kazimierza Józefa Turowskiego [Coats of arms of Polish knights by Bartosh Paprocki compiled and published in the year 1584 / issue of Kazimierz Józef Turowski]. Kraków, 1858.
Holobutskyi, Volodymyr. Zaporozke kozatstvo [Zaporozhian Cossacks]. Kyiv: Vyshcha shkola, 1994.
Hrushevskyi, Mykhailo. “Baida-Vyshnevetskyi v poezii i istorii” [“Baida-Vyshnevetskyi in poetry and history”]. Zapysky ukrainskoho naukovoho tovarystva v Kyievi 3 (1909): 108–39.
— — —. Istoriia Ukraiiny-Rusi [History of Ukraine-Rus]. T. 7. Kyiv: Naukova dumka, 1995.
Hurbyk, Andrii. “Vynyknennia Zaporozkoi Sichi (hronolohichni ta terytorialni aspekty problemy)” [“The emergence of the Zaporozhian Sich (chronological and territorial aspects of the problem)”]. Ukrainskyi istorychnyi zhurnal 6 (1999): 3–17.
Huslystyi, Kost, & Olena Apanovych. Zaporozka Sich ta yiyi prohresyvna rol v istorii ukrainskoho narodu [Zaporozhian Sich and its progressive role in the history of the Ukrainian people]. Kyiv: Derzhpolitvydav USSR, 1954.
Kamanin, Ivan. “K voprosu o kozachestve do Bogdana Khmelnitskogo” [“Towards the issue of the Cossacks before Bohdan Khmelnytskyi”]. In Chteniia Imperatorskogo obshchestva Nestora Letopistsa. Kn. 8, 2, 57–115. Kiev, 1894.
Kostomarov, Nikolai. “Bogdan Khmelnitskii” [“Bohdan Khmelnytskyi”]. In Istoricheskie monografii i issledovaniia. T. 4. Saint Petersburg, 1904.
Kronika Marcina Bielskiego, wydanie Kazimierza Józefa Turowskiego, 3 [The Chronicle of Marcin Bielski, published by Kazimierz Józef Turowski]. Sanok, 1856.
Lemerse-Kelkezhe, Shantal. “Litovskii kondoter XVI v. – kniaz Dmitrii Vishnevetskii i obrazovanie Zaporozhskoi Sechi po dannym ottomanskikh arkhivov” [“Lithuanian condottiere of the XVI c. Prince Dmitry Vishnevetskyi and the formation of the Zaporozhian Sich according to the Ottoman archives”]. In Franko-russkie ekonomicheskie sviazi, 38–64. Moscow-Paris: Nauka, 1970.
“Letopisets Normatskogo” [“Chronicler of Normat”]. In Vremennik Moskovskogo obshhestva istorii i drevnostei rossiiskikh, 5, 1–148. Moscow, 1850.
Liaskoronskii, Vasilii. Gilom Levasser de Boplan i ego istoriko-geograficheskie trudy otnositelno yuzhnoi Rossii. Opisanie Ukrainy II [Guillaume Levasseur de Boplan and his historical and geographical works on southern Russia. Description of Ukraine ІІ]. Kiev, 1901.
Mycyk, Yurii, & Serhii Plokhy. Yak kozaky Ukrainu boronyly [How the Cossacks defended Ukraine]. Kyiv: Klio, 2018.
Padalka, Lev. “Po voprosu o sushchestvovanii Zaporozhskoi Sechi v pervye vremena zaporozhskogo kazachestva” [“Towards the question of existence of the Zaporozhian Sich in the early days of the Zaporozhian Cossacks”]. Kievskaia starina 5 (1894): 258–76; 6: (1894): 439–61.
Sergiichuk, Volodymyr. Imenem Viiska Zaporozkoho [In the name of the Zaporozhian Army]. Kyiv: Ukraina, 1991.
Shcherbak, Vitalii. Ukrainske kozatstvo: formuvannia sotsialnoho stanu. Druha polovyna XV – seredyna XVII st. [Ukrainian Cossacks: formation of the social state. The second half of the 15th – the middle of the 17th century]. Kyiv, 2006.
Smolii, V., ed. Istoriia ukrainskoho kozatstva. Narysy u dvokh tomakh [History of the Ukrainian Cossacks. Essays in two volumes]. T. 1. Kyiv: Vyd. dim “KM Akademiia”, 2003.
— — —. Istoriia Zaporozkoi Sichi [History of the Zaporozhian Sich]. Kyiv: Arii, 2015.
Sokulskyi, Arnold. Kozatska Khortytsia. Istoryko-kulturne znachennia v protsesi vynyknennia i stanovlennia zaporozkoho kozatstva [Cossack Khortytsia. Historical and cultural significance in the process of emergence and formation of Zaporozhian Cossacks]. Zaporizhzhia: Klasychnyі pryvatnyі universytet, 2008.
Vladimirskii-Budanov, Mikhail. “Naselenie Yugo-Zapadnoi Rossii ot vtoroi poloviny XV v. do Liublinskoi unii (1569 g.)” [“Population of South-Western Russia from the second half of the XV century to the Union of Lublin (1569)”]. In Arkhiv Yugo-Zapadnoi Rossii, 7, 2? 1–210. Kiev: Tip. G.T. Korchak-Novitskogo, 1890.
Vynar, Liubomyr. “Kniaz Dmytro Vyshnevetskyі” [“Prince Dmytro Vishnevetskyi”]. In Kozatska Ukraina. Vybrani tvory, 93–143. Kyiv-Lviv-New-York-Paris.
Yavornytskyi, Dmytro. Istoriia zaporozkykh kozakiv [History of the Zaporozhian Cossacks]. T. 2. Kyiv: Naukova dumka, 1990.
Zhukovskyi, Myroslav. Tomakivska Zaporozka Sich (do 450-richchia yii zasnuvannia) [Tomakivska Zaporizhia Sich (for the 450th anniversary of its foundation)]. Nikopol: “NKM,” 2018.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Kyiv-Mohyla Humanities Journal provides free access to original research without restriction barriers (i.e. subscription fees, licensing fees etc.). The journal allows re-use of content for non-commercial/educational purposes indexing the source.
Unless otherwise indicated, content is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license, which means you are free to:
copy
distribute
transmit
adapt
and make commercial use of the work
...provided that any use is made with attribution to author(s) and Kyiv-Mohyla Humanities Journal.
The author passes copyright of the article to the journal and Kyiv-Mohyla Humanities Journal; author can archive post-print articles (PDF versions) on s/he web-site (http://www.sherpa.ac.uk).
